по-русски

Actual Problems of
Economics and Law

 

16+

 

DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.1.79-91

скачать PDF

Authors :
1. Ildar R. Begishev, PhD (Law), Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Tatarstan, Senior Researcher
Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov (IEML)

2. Elvira Yu. Latypova, PhD (Law), Head of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure
Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov (IEML)

3. Danila V. Kirpichnikov, Laboratory Assistant
Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov (IEML)



Artificial intelligence as a legal category: doctrinal approach to formulating a definition


Objective: to conduct a critical analysis of the existing definitions of artificial intelligence and develop an authors’ version of the concept acceptable for legal sciences.


Methods: the methodological basis of the study is a set of scientific cognition methods, including abstract-logical method, comparison and correlation analysis.


Results: the main regularities of decision-making by artificial intelligence are identified; the mechanism of its perception of objective reality is determined; the fundamental ability of machine learning to conform its behavior to socially acceptable processes is confirmed. It is assumed that there are many ways to describe artificial intelligence: by indicating the action mechanism, the basic operation principles, the range of tasks to be solved, etc. However, the most convincing and consistent is position of those researchers who tend to describe the AI phenomenon by designating its properties and characteristics. The authors state that there is no definition of “artificial intelligence” in the modern legal doctrine. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of various scientific sources in a systematic unity with own judgments, it is proposed to introduce the author’s version of the “artificial intelligence” concept into scientific circulation.


Scientific novelty: the paper presents an assessment of the “artificial intelligence” concept definitions available in the scientific literature and legal framework, as well as the authors’ opinion on their relevance, comprehensiveness and topicality; there is an attempt to formulate the definition taking into account all the significant properties of artificial intelligence.


Practical significance: is due to the current impossibility to apply legal norms and rules to relations involving artificial intelligence taking into account their specifics. The main provisions and conclusions of the study can be used to improve the mechanisms of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation.


Keywords :

Criminal Law and Criminology; Intelligent system; Artificial intelligence; Neural network; Consciously-volitional behavior; Concept of artificial intelligence; Legal regulation; Self-control; Self-learning; Digital security; Digital economy; Digital law; Artificial intelligence unit


Bibliography :

1. Bostrom N. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 2014, 390 p.
2. Humerick M. Taking AI Personally: How the E.U. Must Learn to Balance the Interests of Personal Data Privacy & Artificial Intelligence, Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal, 2016, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 393–418.
3. Bikeev I. I., Kabanov P. A., Begishev I. R., Khisamova Z. I. Criminological Risks and Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence Implementation, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, In-formation Processing and Cloud Computing (AIIPCC’19), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 20, pp. 1–7. DOI: 10.1145/3371425.3371476
4. Khisamova Z. I., Begishev I. R., Gaifutdinov R. R. On Methods to Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in the World, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 5159–5162. DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A9220.119119
5. Mal'ko A. V. Draft concept of the Russian legal policy in the sphere of artificial intelligence as a doctrinal document, Baltiiskii gumanitarnyi zhurnal, 2019, Vol. 8, No. 4 (29), pp. 348–352 (in Russ.).
6. Kibal'nik A. G., Volosyuk P. V. Artificial intelligence: issues of criminal-legal doctrine, awaiting for answers, Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika: Vestnik Nizhegorodskoi akademii MVD Rossii, 2018, No. 4 (44), pp. 173–178 (in Russ.).
7. Begishev I. R., Khisamova Z. I. Criminological risks of applying artificial intelligence, Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal, 2018, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 767–775 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).767-775
8. Arkhipov V. V., Naumov V. B. Artificial intelligence and autonomous devices in the context of law: on developing the first Russian law on robotics, Trudy SPII RAN, 2017, Vol. 6, No. 55, pp. 46–62 (in Russ.).
9. Ponkin I. V., Red'kina A. I. Artificial intelligence from the viewpoint of law, Vestnik RUDN, Ser. Yuridicheskie nauki, 2018, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 91–109 (in Russ.).

10. Morkhat P. M. Artificial intelligence: legal view, Moscow, Buki Vedi, 2017, 257 p. (in Russ.).
11. Uzhov F. V. Artificial intelligence as a subject of law, Probely v rossiiskom zakonodatel'stve, 2017, No. 3, pp. 357–360 (in Russ.).
12. Gadzhiev G. A. Is robot-agent a person? (searching for legal forms to regulate digital economy), Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava, 2018, No. 1 (253), pp. 15–30 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/art_2018_1_2
13. Laptev V. A. The notion of artificial intelligence and legal liability for its performance, Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki, 2019, No. 2, pp. 79–102 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2019.2.79.102
14. Kholodnaya E. V. On prospective directions of legal regulation in the sphere of artificial intelligence, Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA), 2019, No. 12 (64), pp. 89–96 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2019.64.12.089-096
15. Sushkova O. V. Features of implementing an artificial intelligence as an object of informational environment in the sphere of business activity in foreign countries, Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA), 2019, No. 12 (64), pp. 121–128 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2019.64.12.121-128
16. Somenkov S. A. Artificial intelligence: from an object to a subject?, Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA), 2019, № 2 (54), pp. 75–85 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2019.54.2.075-085
17. Afanas'ev A. Yu. Artificial intelligence or intelligence of the subjects of identifying, revealing and investigating crimes: what will win?, Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurnal, 2018, No. 3 (38), pp. 28–34 (in Russ.).
18. Begishev I. R., Khisamova Z. I. Artificial intelligence and robotics: theoretical-legal issues of demarcating the notional apparatus, Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta. Ser. Ekonomika i pravo, 2020, Vol. 30, No. 2 (in Russ.).
19. Proidakov E. M. Contemporary state of artificial intelligence, Naukovedcheskie issledovaniya, 2018, No. 2018, pp. 129–153 (in Russ.).
20. Broadhurst R., Brown P., Maxim D., Trivedi H., Wang J. Artificial Intelligence and Crime, Research Paper, Korean Institute of Criminology and Australian National University Cybercrime Observatory, College of Asia and the Pacific, Canberra, June 2019, pp. 1–70. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3407779
21 Jones M. T. Programming artificial intelligence in applications, Moscow, DMK Press, 2011, 312 p. (in Russ.).
22. Latypova E. Yu., Nechaeva E. V., Gilmanov E. M., Aleksandrova N. V. Infringements on Digital Information: Modern State of the Problem, SHS Web of Conferences. Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice, 2019, Vol. 62. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20196210004
23. Denisov N. L. Conceptual bases of developing an international standard when imposing criminal liability for actions related to artificial intelligence, Mezhdunarodnoe ugolovnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnaya yustitsiya, 2019, No. 4, pp. 18–20 (in Russ.).
24. Doroganov V. S., Baumgarten M. I. Possible problems arising during artificial intelligence development, Vestnik Kuzbasskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2013, No. 4 (98), pp. 132–135 (in Russ.).
25. Zenkova N. A. Modeling based on artificial neural networks as a research method in psychological science, Vestnik rossiiskikh universitetov. Matematika, 2009, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 577–590 (in Russ.).
26. Aizenk G. Yu. Intellect: new view, Voprosy psikhologii, 1995, No. 1, pp. 111–131 (in Russ.).
27. Deputat I. S., Gribanov A. V., Nekhoroshkova A. A. Neurobiological bases of intellect, Ekologiya cheloveka, 2012, No. 12, pp. 36–45 (in Russ.).
28. Shaikerov N. A. Legal provision of personality interests, Sverdlovsk, Izd-vo Ural. Un-ta, 1990, 200 p. (in Russ.).
29. Ernest N., Carroll D., Schumacher C., Clark M., Cohen K, Lee G. Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions, Journal of Defense Management, 2016, Vol. 6, No. 1. DOI: 10.4172/2167-0374.1000144
30. Mario G., Lee E-K, Giovanni P., Lee U. Internet of vehicles: From intelligent grid to autonomous cars and vehicular clouds, IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, 2014, pp. 241–246. DOI: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803166
31. White P. J. F., Podaima B. W.; Friesen M. R. Algorithms for Smartphone and Tablet Image Analysis for Healthcare Applications, IEEE Access, 2014, Vol. 2, pp. 831–840. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2348943
32. Nochevka F. IBM presented the world’s most powerful computer, Kommersant", 2018, available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3656183 (access date: 10.01.2020) (in Russ.).
33. Kravtsov D. A. Artificial intelligence: preventing and predicting crimes, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii, 2018, No. 3, pp. 108–110 (in Russ.).
34. Khisamova Z. I., Begishev I. R. Criminal liability and artificial intelligence: theoretical and applied aspects, Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal, 2019, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 564–574 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(4).564-574
35. Khisamova Z. I., Begishev I. R. Legal regulation of artificial intelligence, Baikal Research Journal, 2019, Vol. 10, No. 2 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17150/2411-6262.2019.10(2).19
36. Alekseev S. S. Theory of law, Moscow, Izd-vo "Bek", 1995, 320 p. (in Russ.).

37. Sokolova M. Collisions of the “robots’ law”. Lawyers’ discussions regarding CyberCode elaboration in Russia, itWeek, 2017, available at: https://www.itweek.ru/ai/article/detail.php?ID=195514 (access date: 10.01.2020) (in Russ.).
38. Yakovlev K. S., Bokovoi A. V., Kashkin S. Yu. Analysis of terminological and conceptual aspects of the notions “artificial intelligence” and “robotics” in the light of the need for their legal regulation, Pyatyi Vserossiiskii nauchno prakticheskii seminar "Bespilotnye transportnye sredstva s elementami iskusstvennogo intellekta", Trudy seminara, Saint Petersburg, 2019, pp. 253–262 (in Russ.).
39. Holdren John P. Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence, Executive Office of the President National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology of USA, 2016, 48 p. available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf (access date: 10.01.2020).
40. Kurzweil R. The Age of Intelligent Machines, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1990. 580 p.
41. Kharari Yu. N. 21 lessons for the 21st century, Moscow, Izd-vo "Sindbad", 2019, 416 p. (in Russ.).
42. Smolin D. V. Introduction to the artificial intelligence: Lecture notes, Moscow, Fizmatlit, 2004, 208 p. (in Russ.).
43. Kamyshanskii V. P., Koretskii A. V. Notion and legal status of artificial intelligence carriers, Vlast' Zakona, 2019, No. 1 (37), pp. 42–50 (in Russ.).
44. Simmler M., Markwalder N. Guilty Robots? – Rethinking the Nature of Culpability and Legal Personhood in an Age of Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Law Forum, 2019, No. 30, pp. 1–31. DOI: 10.1007/s10609-018-9360-0
45. Shchitova A. A. On the potential legal capacity of artificial intelligence, Agrarnoe i zemel'noe pravo, 2019, No. 5 (173), pp. 94–98 (in Russ.).
46. Bolotova L. S. Systems of artificial intelligence: knowledge based models and techniques, Moscow, Finansy i statistika, 2012, 664 p. (in Russ.).
47. Vasil'ev A. A., Shpopper D., Mataeva M. Kh. “Artificial intelligence” term in the Russian law: doctrinal analysis,
Yurislingvistika, 2018, No. 7–8, pp. 35–44 (in Russ.).
48. Esakov G. A. Comment to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (by article), Moscow, Prospekt, 2017, 736 p. (in Russ.).
49. Bikeev I. I., Latypova E. Yu. Liability for crimes committed with two forms of guilt, Kazan, Taglimat, 2009, 228 p. (in Russ.).
50. Latypova E. Yu. Topical issues of liability for crimes committed with two forms of guilt, Sledovatel', 2008, No. 7, pp. 8–9 (in Russ.).
51. Begishev I. R., Bikeev I. I. Crimes in the sphere of digital information circulation, Kazan, Izd-vo "Poznanie" Kazanskogo innovatsionnogo universiteta, 2020, 300 p. (in Russ.).


Citation :

Begishev I. R., Latypova E. Yu., Kirpichnikov D. V. Artificial intelligence as a legal category: doctrinal approach to formulating a definition, Actual Problems of Economics and Law, 2020, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 79–91 (in Russ.). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.1.79-91


Type of article : The scientific article

Date of receipt of the article :
20.01.2020

Date of adoption of the print :
22.02.2020

Date of online accommodation :
25.03.2020