скачать PDF
Authors : 1. Federica Carugati,
Stanford University and the Ostrom Workshop
Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
2. Gillian K. Hadfield,
Richard L. and Antoinette Schamoi Kirtland Professor of Law, Gould School of Law, and Professor, Department of Economics
University of Southern California, USA
3. Barry R. Weingast,
Ward C. Krebs Family Professor, Department of Political Science, and Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution
Stanford University, USA
Building legal order in ancient Athens
Objective: to identify the specific features of the essence, content and functioning of legal order in ancient Athens.
Methods: the methodological basis of the research is the general dialectic method of cognition, which allows to explore the phenomena and processes in their historical development, interconnection and interdependence, as well as the general scientific, special and specific scientific methods of cognition, based on the former one.
Results: democratic Athens was remarkably stable and prosperous, but the ancient city-state never developed extensively centralized rule of law institutions. Drawing on the "what-is-law" account of legal order elaborated by Hadfield and Weingast, the research shows that Athens' legal order relied on institutions that achieved common knowledge and incentive compatibility for enforcers in a largely decentralized system of coercion.
Scientific novelty: for the first time it has been proved that Athens in the fourth century BC can serve as an example of building the rule of law in places where governments are weak, corrupt or nonexistent. Athens’ experience shows that one should focus on developing centralized institutions that are capable of coordinating decentralized enforcement mechanisms by (i) elaborating and publicizing decisions as common knowledge about wrongful behavior and its appropriate punishment; (ii) incentivizing decentralized punishment by fostering individual trust in the system; and (iii) linking individual participation to the survival of the political community.
Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and educational activity when considering the issues of the essence, content and functioning of legal order.
Keywords :
Legal order; Law and order; Athens; Law institution; State power
Bibliography :
1. Nardulli, P. F. et al. 2013. Conceptualizing and Measuring Rule of Law Constructs. J. L. & Courts 1, 139–192.
2. Haggard, Stephan & Lydia Tiede. 2011. The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where Are We? World Develop. 39, 673–685.
3. Tamanaha, B. Z. 2004. On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4. Golub, S. 2003. Beyond rule of Law Orthodoxy: the Legal Empowerment Alternative, Rule of Law Series, Number 41, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Washington: Carnegie Endowment, 2003).
5. Goldstone, J. 2002. Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History. J. World Hist. 13, 323–389.
6. Morris, Ian. 2004. Economic Growth in Ancient Greece. J. Inst. Theoretical Econ. 160, 709–742.
7. Ober, Josiah. 2010. Wealthy Hellas. TAPA 140, 2.
8. Ober, Josiah. 2015. The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9. Morris, Ian. 2005. The Eight Century Revolution. Princeton/Stanford Working Papers.
10. Kron, G. 2005. Anthropometry, Physical Anthropology and the Reconstruction of Ancient Health, Nutrition, and Living Standards. Historia 54, 68–83.
11. Reden, S. von. 2007. Consumption. In Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris & Richard P. Saller, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, 385–406. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Hansen, Mogens Herman. 2006. The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture. Columbia. MO: University of Missouri Press.
13. Allen, Robert C. 2001. The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War. Explor. Econ. Hist. 38, 411–447.
14. Scheidel. 2009. New Ways of Studying Incomes in the Roman Economy. In Alan K. Bowman & Andrew Wilson, eds., Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems, 346–352. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Deaton, Angus. 2013. The Great Escape: Health, Wealth and the Origins of Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
16. Kron, G. 2011. The Distribution of Wealth in Athens in Comparative Perspective. Zeitschrift fuur Papyrologie und Epigraphic. 179, 129–138.
17. Morris, Ian. 1998. Archaeology as a Kind of Anthropology (A Response to David Small). In Ian Morris & Kurt A. Raaflaub, eds., Democracy 2500? Questions and Challenges, 229–239. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
18. Ober, Josiah. 2008. Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
19. Hunter, Virginia J. 1994. Policing Athens: Social Control in the Attic Lawsuits, 420–320 B.C. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
20. Cohen, David. 1995. Law, Violence and Community in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Ober, Josiah. 1989. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology and the Power of the People. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. Christ, Matthew R. 1998. The Litigious Athenian. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
23. Herman, Gabriel. 2006. Morality and Behaviour In Democratic Athens: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Forsdyke, Sara. 2012. Slaves Tell Tales: And Other Episodes in the Politics of Popular Culture In Ancient Greece. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press.
25. Harris, E.W. 2006a. Democracy and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens: Essays On Law, Society and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Harris, E.W. 2006b. The Rule of Law in Athenian Democracy. Reflections on the Judicial Oath. Dike 9.
27. Harris, E.W. 2013. The Rule of Law In Action In Democratic Athens. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
28. Gowder, Paul. 2014. Democracy, Solidarity and the Rule of Law: Lessons from Athens. Buff. L. Rev. 62, 1.
29. Lanni, A. 2006. Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Lanni, A. 2009. Social Norms in the Courts of Ancient Athens. JLA 1, 691–736.
31. Lanni, A. 2004. Arguing from 'Precedent': Modern Perspectives on Athenian Practice. In C. Carey, E. Monroe Harris & L. Rubinstein, eds., The Law and the Courts in Ancient Greece. London: Duckworth.
32. Lanni, A. 2005. Relevance in Athenian Courts. In Michael Gagarin & David Cohen, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, 112–128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. Lanni, A. 2012. Publicity and the Courts of Classical Athens. Yale J. L. & Human. 24, 119.
34. Hadfield, Gillian K. & Barry R. Weingast. 2012. What is Law? A Coordination Model of the Characteristics of Legal Order. J. Leg. Anal. 4, 471–514.
35. Hadfield, Gillian K. & Barry R. Weingast. 2013. Law without the State: Legal Attributes and the Coordination of Decentralized Collective Punishment. J. Law & Courts 1, 3–34.
36. Harrison, Alick Robin Walsham. 1968-1971. The Law of Athens, vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
37. Thomas, R. 2005. Writing, Law and Written Law. In Michael Gagarin & David Cohen, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, 41–60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Gagarin, Michael. 2008. Writing Greek Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Gagarin, Michael. 2005. Early Greek Law. In Michael Gagarin & David Cohen, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, 82–94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Karachalios, Foivos Spyridon. 2013. The Politics of Judgment: Dispute Resolution and State Formation From the Homeric World to Solon's Athens. Thesis (PhD) Stanford University.
41. Stroud, R.S. 1968. Drakon's Law on Homicide. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
42. Carawan, Edwin. 1998. Rhetoric and the Law of Draco. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
43. Gagarin, Michael. 1981. Drakon and Early Athenian Homicide Law. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
44. Almeida, Joseph A. 2003. Justice As an Aspect of the Polis Idea In Solon's Political Poems: A Reading of the Fragments In Light of the Researches of New Classical Archaeology. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
45. Blok, J. & A. P. M. H. Lardinois. 2006. Solon of Athens: New Historical and Philological Approaches. Leiden: Brill.
46. MacDowell, D. M. 1978. The Law in Classical Athens. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
47. Todd, S. 1993. The Shape of Athenian Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
48. Ober, Josiah. 1996. The Athenian Revolution: Essays On Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
49. Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1999. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Reprint, Norman, Oklahoma: University
of Oklahoma Press.
50. Rhodes, Peter J. 1972. The Athenian Boule. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
51. Carugati, Federica & Barry R. Weingast (forthcoming c). Athenian Decision-Making: the Assembly and the Boule.
52. Todd, S. 1996. Lysias against Nikomachos: The Fate of the Expert in Athenian Law. In L. Foxhall & A.D.E. Lewis, eds., Greek Law in its Political Setting. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
53. Sickinger, James P. 1999. Public Records and Archives In Classical Athens. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
54. Ober, Josiah. 1998. Political Dissent In Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. Carugati, Federica. 2015. In Law We Trust (Each Other): Legal Institutions, Democratic Stability and Economic Development in Classical Athens, Thesis (PhD), Stanford University.
56. Shear, Julia L. 2011. Polis and Revolution: Responding to Oligarchy In Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Carawan, Edwin. 2013. The Athenian Amnesty and Reconstructing the Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Harrison, Alick Robin Walsham. 1955. Law-Making at Athens at the End of the Fifth-Century BC. JHS 75, 26–35.
59. Robertson, N. 1990. The Laws of Athens 410-399 BC: The Evidence for Review and Publication. JHS 100, 43–75.
60. Rhodes, Peter J. 1991. The Athenian Code of Laws, 410-399 BC. JHS 111, 87–100.
61. Carawan, Edwin. 2002. The Athenian Amnesty and the Scrutiny of the Laws. JHS 122, 1–23.
62. MacDowell, D. M. 1975. Law-Making at Athens in the Fourth-Century BC. JHS 95, 62–74.
63. Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1985. Athenian Nomothesia. GRBS 26, 345–371.
64. Pierart, M. 2000. Qui etaient les nomothetes a Athenes a l'epoque de Demosthene? In E. Levy, eds., La Codification de Lois dans l'Antiquite, Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 27–29 Novembre 1997, Paris: De Boccard.
65. Rhodes, Peter J. 2003. Sessions of Nomothetai in Fourth-Century Athens. CQ 53, 124–129.
66. Isager, Signe & Mogens Herman Hansen. 1975. Aspects of Athenian Society in the Fourth Century B.C. Odense: Odense University Press.
67. Cohen, Edward. 1973. Ancient Athenian Maritime Courts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
68. Harris, E.W. 2005 Commercial Law. In M. Gagarin & D. Cohen (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Fleck, R. K. & A. F. Hanssen. 2012. On the Benefits and Costs of Legal Expertise: Adjudication in Ancient Athens. Review of Law and Economics 8, 367–399.
70. Rubinstein, Lene. 2000. Litigation and Cooperation: Supporting Speakers In the Courts of Classical Athens. Stuttgard: Verlag.
71. Bers, Victor. 2009. Genos Dikanikon: Amateur and Professional Speech in the Courtrooms of Classical Athens. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University.
72. Harris, E. W. 2007b. Who Enforced the Law in Classical Athens? In Eva Cantarella, ed., Symposion 2005: Vortrauge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte, 159–176. Wien:Verlag der Ousterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
73. Cohen, David. 1991. Law, Sexuality and Society: The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Harris, E. W. 2000. Open Texture in Athenian Law. Dike 3, 27–79.
75. Harris, E. W. 2004. More Thoughts on Open Texture in Athenian Law. In D. Leao, D. Rosetti & M. Fialho, eds., Nomos estudos sobre direito antigo, 241–263.
76. Scheidel. 2005. Real Slave Prices and the Relative Costs of Slave Labor in the Greco-Roman World. Ancient Society 35.
77. Ellickson, Robert. 1991. Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
78. Benson, Bruce L. 1989. Enforcement of Private Property Rights in Primitive Societies: Law without Government. J. Libert. Stud. 9, 1–26.
79. Dixit, Avinash. 2004. Lawlessness and Economics, Alternative Modes of Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
80. Milgrom, Paul, Douglass C. North & Barry R. Weingast. 1990. The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Medieval Law Merchant, Private Judges and the Champagne Fairs. Econ. & Pol. 2, 1–23.
81. Hadfield, Gillian K. & Barry R. Weingast. 2014. Microfoundations of the Rule of Law. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 17, 21–42.
82. Wiessner, P. 2005. Norm Enforcement among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen. Hum. Nat. 16, 115–145.
83. Fessler, Daniel & Carlos David Navarrete. 2003. Meat is Good to Taboo: Dietary Proscriptions as a Product of the Interaction of Psychological Mechanisms and Social Processes. J. Cogni. & Cul. 3, 1–40.
84. Hart, H. L. A. 1961. The Concept of Law, 3rd edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
85. Fuller, Lon. 1964. The Morality of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.
86. Raz, Joseph. 1977 (1979). The Rule of law and its Virtues. reprinted in his Authority of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
87. Waldron, J. 2008. The Concept and the Rule of Law. Georgia L. Rev. 43, 1–61.
88. Hadfield, Gillian K. & Jamie Heine. Forthcoming. Life in the Law-Thick World: The Legal Resource Landscape for Ordinary Americans. In Samuel Estreicher & Joy Radice, eds., Beyond Elite Law: Access to Civil Justice for Americans of Average Means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Carugati, Federica & Barry R. Weingast, (forthcoming b). Rethinking Mass and Elite: a New Model of Athenian Litigation.
90. Harris, E. W. 2007a. Did the Athenian Courts Attempt to Achieve Consistency? Oral Tradition and Written Records in the Athenian Administration of Justice. In C. Cooper, ed., Politics of Orality, 343–370. Leiden: Brill.
91. Mirhady, David C. 2007. "The dikast's oath". In A. H. Sommerstein & J. Fletcher, eds., Horkos: the oath in Greek society. Exeter, UK: Bristol Phoenix Press.
92. Canevaro, M. 2013. Nomothesia in Classical Athens: What Sources Should We Believe? CQ 63.
93. Carugati, Federica, Josiah Ober & Barry R. Weingast (forthcoming a). Is Development Uniquely Modern? Athens on the Doorstep. Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
94. Cohen, David. 2005. Crime, Punishment and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens. In M. Gagarin & D. Cohen (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
95. Kornhauser, Lewis A. 2004. Governance Structures, Legal Systems, and the Concept of Law. Chicago-Kent L. Rev. 79, 355–381.
96. Carugati, F., Hadfield, G. K., Weingast, B. R. Building Legal Order in Ancient Athens // Journal of Legal Analysis, 2015, vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 291–324.
Original publication: https://academic.oup.com/jla/article/7/2/291/1751160
Citation :
Carugati F., Hadfield G. K., Weingast B. R. Building legal order in ancient Athens, Actual Problems of Economics and Law, 2016, vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 176–199 (in Russ.). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.10.2016.4.176-199
Type of article : The scientific article
Date of receipt of the article :
26.10.2016
Date of adoption of the print :
30.11.2016
Date of online accommodation :
29.12.2016
