DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.10.2016.3.252-270

скачать PDF

---

Рациональность и нерациональность решения о совершении преступления

---

Цель: обоснование необходимости учета влияния эмоций на процесс принятия решений; дать представление о комбинированной модели процесса принятия решений, объединяющей рациональные и нерациональные компоненты выбора при совершении преступления.

Методы: диалектический, системный, историко-правовой, формально-юридический, обобщения.

Результаты: в работе осуществлен комплексный анализ процесса принятия решения о совершении преступления, а также изучены факторы, повышающие вероятность совершения антиобщественных деяний. Ценность комбинированной когнитивно-эмотивной модели в том, что эмоции могут дать принимающему решение человеку более значимую информацию, чем рассуждение.

Научная новизна: автор выдвигает теорию принятия решений, согласно которой человек совершает выбор в пользу того или иного действия или бездействия под влиянием гедонистических и нравственных эмоций, причем нерелевантные эмоции усиливаются, а релевантные подавляются когнитивными и ситуативными факторами, служащими в конечном итоге основой выбора в пользу преступления.

Практическая значимость: изучение роли эмоций в процессе принятия криминальных и некриминальных решений внесет значимый вклад в развитие криминологии. Результаты исследования будут полезны научным и правоприменительным работникам, также всем тем, кто интересуется вопросами пресечения и предупреждения правонарушений.

Ключевые слова :

криминология; теория рационального выбора; нравственные эмоции; гедонистические эмоции;
действующий преступник; мышление; реактивное криминальное мышление

Cписок литературы :

1. Paternoster, R. (2010). How much do we know about criminal deterrence? Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology,100(3), 765–823.
2. Cohen, L., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.

3. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston, MA:
Northeastern University Press.
4. Agnew R. Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency // Criminology. 1992. Vol. 30. No. 1. Pp. 47–87.
5. Tedeschi, J., & Felson, R. B. (1994).Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6. Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990).A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
7. Clarke, R. V. (2009). Situational crime prevention: Theoretical background and current practice. in M. D. Krohn, A. J. Lizotte, & G. P. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of crime and deviance (pp. 259–276). New York, NY: Springer.
8. Gul, S. (2009). An evaluation of rational choice theory in criminology. Girne American University Journal of Sociology and Applied Science, 4(8), 36–44.
9. Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76, 169–217.
10. Schmidt, P., & Witte, A. D. (1984). An economic analysis of crime and justice. New York, NY: Academic Press.
11. Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (1985). Modeling offenders› decisions: A framework for research and policy. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 6, pp. 147–185). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
12. Cornish, D. B., & Clark, R. V. (Eds.). (1986).The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending. New York, NY: Springer.

13. Clarke, R. V. (2014). Affect and the reasoning criminal: Past and future. In J. L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald, & D. Nagin (Eds.), Affect and cognition in criminal decision-making (pp. 20–41). London, England: Routledge.
14. Wortley, R. (2014). Rational choice and offender decisionmaking: Lessons from the cognitive sciences. In B. Leclerc & R. Wortley (Eds.), Cognition and crime: Offender decision-making and script analysis (pp. 237–252). London, England: Routledge.
15. De Haan, W., & Vos, J. (2003). A crying shame: The over-rationalized conception of man in the rational choice perspective. Theoretical Criminology,7(1), 29-54. DOI: 10.1177/1362480603007001199
16. Hayward, K. (2007). Situational crime prevention and its discontents: Rational choice theory versus the ‘culture of now.’ Social Policy and Administration,41(3), 232-250. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00550.x
17. Zafirovski, M. (2012). Beneath rational choice: Elements of ‹irrational choice theory.› Current Sociology, 61, 3–21. DOI: 10.1177/0011392112465872
18. Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2005). Assessing macrolevel predictors and theories of crime: A meta-analysis. Crime and Justice, 32, 373–450.
19. Lindegaard, M. R., Bernasco, W., Jacques, S., & Zenebergen, B. (2014). Posterior gains and immediate pains: Offender emotions before, during and after robberies. In J.-L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald, & D. Nagin (Eds.),  Affect and cognition in criminal decision-making (pp. 58-76). London, England: Routledge.
20. Bouffard, J. (2014). The role of sexual arousal and perceived consequences in men’s and women’s decisions to engage in sexually coercive behaviours. In J.-L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald, & D. Nagin (Eds.), Affect and cognition in criminal decision-making (pp. 77–96). London, England: Routledge.
21. Van Gelder, J.-L., Reynald, D., &Elffers, H. (2014). Anticipated emotions and immediate affect in criminal decisionmaking: From shame to anger. In J.-L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald, & D. Nagin (Eds.), Affect and cognition in criminal decision-making (pp. 161–178). London, England: Routledge.
22. Forgas, J. P. (1991). Affective influences on partner choice: Role of mood in social decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(5), 708–720. DOI: 10.1037/00223514.61.5.708
23. Gordon, C., & Arian, A. (2001) Threat and decisionmaking. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(2), 196–215. DOI: 10.1177/0022002701045002003
24. Martin, L. N., & Delgado, M. R. (2011). The influence of emotion regulation on decision-making under risk. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(9), 2569–2581. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2011.21618
25. Damasio, A. (1994).Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York, NY: Putnam.
26. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision-making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex,10(3), 295–307. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
27. Beer, J. S., Knight, R. T., & D’Esposito, M. (2006). Controlling the integration of emotion and cognition: The role of frontal cortex in distinguishing helpful from hurtful emotional information. Psychological Science,17(5), 448–453. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01726.x
28. Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Harari, H., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Levkovitz, Y. (2010). The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in affective theory of mind deficits in criminal offenders with psychopathic tendencies. Cortex,46(5), 668–677. DOI: I0.l0l6/j.cortex.2009.04.008
29. Everitt, B. J., Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Appetitive behavior: Impact of amygdaladependent mechanisms of emotional learning. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 233–250. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07085.x
30. Gupta, R., Koscik, T. R., Bechara, A., & Tranel, D. (2011). The amygdala and decision-making. Neuropsychologia, 49(4), 760–766. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.029
31. Sokol-Hessner, P., Camerer, C. F., & Phelps, E. A. (2013). Emotion regulation reduces loss aversion and decreases amygdala responses to losses. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 341–350. DOI: I0.l093/scan/nss002
32. Glenn, A. L., & Yang, Y. L. (2012). The potential role of the striatum in antisocial behavior and psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry,72(10), 817–822. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.027

33. Blakemore, S. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decisionmaking in the adolescent brain. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 1184–1191. DOI: 10.1038/nn.3177

34. Arsenio, W., Adams, E., & Gold, J. (2009). Social information processing, moral reasoning and emotion attributions: Relations with adolescents’ reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 80(6), 1739–1755. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01365.x
35. Malti, T., Keller, M., & Buchmann, M. (2012). Do moral choices make us feel good? The development of adolescents› emotions following moral decision-making. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 389–397. DOI: 10.1111/jora.12005
36. Premack, D. G., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515–526. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X00076512
37. Sebastian, C. L., Fontaine, N. M. G., Bird, G., Blakemore, S.-J., DeBrito, S. A., McCrory, E. J. P., & Viding, E. (2012). Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective theory of mind in adolescents and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(l), 56–63. DOI: I0.l093/scan/nsr023
38. Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 207–212. DOI: l0.llll/j.l467-872l.2007.00505.x
39. Kagan, J. (2010). Emotions and temperament. In M. H. Burnstein (Ed.), Handbook of cultural developmental science (pp. 175–194). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
40. Walters, G. D. (2012).Crime in a psychological context: From career criminals to criminal careers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41. Cherbuin, N., Windsor, T. D., Anstey, K. J., Maller, J. J., Meslin, C., & Sachdeve, P. S. (2008). Hippocampal volume is positively associated with behavioural inhibition (BiS) in a large community-based sample of mid-life adults: The PATH through life study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 262–269. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsn018

42. Sah, P., Faber, E. S. L., Lopez de Armentia, M., & Power, J. (2003). The amygdaloid complex: Anatomy and physiology. Physiology Review, 83(3),803–834. DOI: l0.ll52/physrev.00002.2003
43. Walters, G. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (in press). Limbic correlates of fearlessness and disinhibition in incarcerated youth: Exploring the brain-behavior relationship with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Psychiatry Research. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.041
44. Walters, G. D. (2015). A two-dimensional model of psychopathy and antisocial behavior: A multi-sample investigation using items from the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 88–93. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.037
45. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345–372. DOI: I0.ll46/annurev.psych.56.09ll03.070l45
46. Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision-making. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.) Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 619–642). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
47. Krettenauer, T., Jia, F., & Mosleh, M. (2011). The role of emotion expectancies in adolescents› moral decision-making. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(2), 358–370. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.014

48. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251. DOI: 10.1037/h0034747
49. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. DOI: 10.2307/1914185
50. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), l l 2 4 – ll3l. DOI: I0.ll26/science.l85.4l57.ll24
51. Bowen, K. N., Roberts, J. J., Kocian, E. J., & Bartula, A. (2014). An empirical test of social information processing theory and emotions in violent situations. Western Criminology Review, 15, 18–33.
52. Angie, A. D., Connelly, S., Waples, E. P., & Kligyte, V. (2011). The influence of discrete emotions on judgement and decision-making: A meta-analytic review. Cognition and Emotion, 25(8), 1393–1422. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.550751
53. Marcus, B. (2004). Self-control in the general theory of crime: Theoretical implications of a measurement problem. Theoretical Criminology, 8(1), 33–55. DOI: 10.1177/1362480604039740
54. Arantes, J., Berg, M. E., Lawlor, D., & Grace, R. C. (2013). Offenders have higher delay-discounting rates than nonoffenders after controlling for differences in drug and alcohol abuse. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18(2), 240–253. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.2012.02052.x
55. Hanoch, Y., Rolison, J., & Gummerum, M. (2013). Good things come to those who wait: Time discounting differences between adult offenders and nonoffenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(1), 128–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.025
56. Varghese, F. P., Charlton, S. R., Wood, M., & Trower, E. (2014). Temporal discounting and criminal thinking: Understanding cognitive processes to align services. Psychological Services, 11(2), 171–178. DOI: I0.l037/a0035004

57. Maruna, S., & Copes, H. (2005). What have we learned from five decades of neutralization research? Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 32, 221–320.
58. Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 667–670.
59. Earley, P. (1992). The hot house: Life inside Leavenworth prison. New York, NY: Bantam.
60. Woodworth, M., & Porter, S. (2002). In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(3), 436–445. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.436
61. Beauregard, E., Rossmo, K., & Proulx, J. (2007). A descriptive model of the hunting process of serial sex offenders: A rational choice perspective. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 449–463. DOI:  10.1007/s10896-007-9101-3
62. Albanese, J. S. (2000). The causes of organized crime: Do criminals organize around opportunities for crime or do criminal opportunities create new offenders? Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 16(4), 409–423. DOI: 10.1177/1043986200016004004
63. Felson, R. B. (1993). Predatory and dispute-related violence: A social interactionist approach. In R. V. Clarke & M. Felson (Eds.), Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 5, pp. 189–235). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
64. Feeney, F. (1986). Robbers as decision-makers. In D. B. Cornish &R. V. G. Clarke (Eds.), The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending (pp. 53–71). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
65. Monahan, B. A., Marolla, J. A., & Bromley, D. G. (2005). Constructing coercion: The organization of sexual assault. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 34(3), 284–316. DOI: 10.1177/0891241605274555
66. Felson, R. B., & Massoglia, M. (2012). When is violence planned? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(4), 753–774. DOI: 10.1177/0886260511423238
67. Loughran, T. A., Piquero, A. R., Fagan, J., & Mulvey, E. P. (2012). Differential deterrence: Studying heterogeneity and changes in perceptual deterrence among serious youthful offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 58(1), 3–27. DOI: 10.1177/0011128709345971
68. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
69. Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1–57. DOI: 10.1037/a0033076
70. Viding, E., Price, T. S., Jaffee, S. R., Trzaskowski, M., Davis, O. S. P., Meaburn, E. L., Haworth, C. M. A., & Plomin, R. (2013). Genetics of callous-unemotional behavior in children. PLoS One, 8, l–9. DOI:  l0.l37l/journal.pone.0065789
71. Mulvey, E. P. (2012, November). The Pathways to Desistance Study: Design and methods. Paper presented at the American society of Criminology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http:// citation.allacademic.com/meta/p574246 in dex.html
72. Andershed, H., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Levander, S. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: A new assessment tool. In E. Blaauw &L. Sheridan (Eds.), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives (pp. 131–158). The Hague, Netherlands: Elsevier.
73. Steffensmeier, D., Allan, E., Harer, M., & Streifel, C. (1989). Age and the distribution of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 803–831.
74. Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3), 522–584.
75. Steffensmeier, D., & Harer, M. D. (1999). Making sense of recent U.S. crime trends, 1980 to 1996/1998: Age composition effects and other explanations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36(3), 235–274.
76. Kanazawa, S., & Still, M. C. (2000). Why men commit more crimes (and why they desist). Sociological Theory, 18(3), 434–447.
77. Soderstrom, H., Blennow, K., Sjodin, A.-K., & Forsman, A. (2003). New evidence for an association between the CSF HVA:5-HIAA ratio and psychopathic traits. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74, 918–921. DOI: I0.ll36/jnnp.74.7.9l8
78. Butler, T., Schofield, P. W., Greenberg, D., Allnutt, S. H., Indig, D., Carr, & Ellis, A. (2010). Reducing impulsivity in repeat violent offenders: An open label trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(12), 1137–1143. DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2010.525216
79. Walsh, M. T., & Dinan, T. G. (2001). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and violence: A review of the available evidence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104(2), 84–91.
80. Healy, D., Langmaack, C., & Savage, M. (1999). Suicide in the course of the treatment of depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13(1), 94–99. DOI:10.1177/026988119901300110
81. Lipsey, M. W., Wilson, D. B., & Cothern, L. (2000, April). Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington DC: Office of Justice Program, U.S. Department of Justice.
82. Walters, G. D. (2009). Anger management training in incarcerated male offenders: Differential impact on proactive and reactive criminal thinking. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8(3), 214–217. DOI: 10.1080/14999010903358995
83. Wilson, D. B., Bouffard, L. A., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2005). A quantitative review of structured, group-oriented, cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32(2), 172–204. DOI: 10.1177/0093854804272889
84. Goldstein, T. R., & Winner, E. (2012). Enhancing empathy and theory of mind. Journal of Cognition and Development,13(1), 19–37. DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2011.573514
85. Clear, T. R. (1994). Harm in American penology: Offenders, victims, and their communities. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
86. MacKenzie, D. L. (2000). Evidence-based corrections: Identifying what works. Crime and Delinquency, 46(4), 457–471. DOI: 10.1177/0011128700046004003
87. Pratt, T. C. (2008). Rational choice theory, crime control policy, and criminological relevance. Criminology and Public Policy, 7(1), 43–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.l745-9133.2008.00489.x
88. Walters, G. D. (1995). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Part I. Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior,22(3), 307-325. DOI: 10.1177/0093854895022003008
89. Walters, G. D. (2015). Decision to Commit Crime: Rational or Nonrational, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica, 16 (3), 1–18.

Оригинальная публикация: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/405.pdf

Цитирование :

Русскоязычная версия: Уолтерс Г. Рациональность и нерациональность решения о совершении преступления // Актуальные проблемы экономики и права. 2016. Т. 10, № 3. С. 252–270. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.10.2016.3.252-270

Тип статьи : Научная статья

Дата поступления статьи :
14.06.2016

Дата принятия в печать :
28.07.2016

Дата онлайн размещения :
20.09.2016